Choosing Between Home HD and Home PD: When, and Why
From time to time, I have noticed some questioning and uncertainty arising at the HDC Facebook site regarding the difference between, relative place of, and effective efficiency of the two main dialysis therapies: peritoneal dialysis (PD) and haemodialysis (HD) – especially as theses factors apply in the home. Many who respond clearly do understand this, but some still seem a little hazy. I thought it might be useful to pick through some of the myths and legends about both, and put them in context.
Firstly, one of the two therapies is exclusively a home therapy (PD), while HD, though in my view best performed at home, is most commonly still offered as a facility-based treatment. I do not intend to pick over the bones of the “at home” versus “at facility” argument here—that has been the subject of several previous blogs and is a theme that runs strongly though most of the views expressed at this site. Rather, I seek to concentrate on some of the practical differences between the two options.
Firstly, there is the efficiency of dialysis. PD uses a natural, inbuilt body “membrane”—the peritoneum—a layer of mesothelial cells a single cell width thick, that line the internal cavity in which lie our internal abdominal organs. I ask my patients if they have ever opened the belly of a fish, or animal…most will certainly have at the least slit open a fish…and have seen the silver shiny membrane that lines the belly cavity inside. This same peritoneal membrane also extends to cover all of the internal abdominal organs. Underlying this membrane is a myriad of small, blood-carrying capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) that carry the blood and the wastes, impurities, and extra water it contains, and that would normally be removed by healthy kidneys, up close to the under-surface of this thin shiny membrane. We are built no differently to a fish, or any other animal. Opened up, the inner lining of a human belly shines and glistens too.
The principle of PD is to instil a specially formulated fluid into the belly cavity so that it can interact with and remove water and solutes from the blood in these peritoneal capillaries, with the peritoneal membrane acting as a separating, but permeable “divider” between blood and the dialysis fluid…just like the artificial membrane of a haemodialyser does.
But, PD has a limiting factor. While the surface areas of a haemodialyser and a peritoneal membrane are not much different, the blood flow per minute through a haemodialyser is dramatically greater than the blood flow through the peritoneal capillaries for the same period. This difference is so great that PD done continuously for 24 hours a day, seven days a week (168 hours), removes or “clears” roughly the same amount of waste as HD done intermittently for 3-4 hours at a time every other day or so. So, small solute clearance in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)—or the now much better and preferred option of overnight, automated peritoneal dialysis (APD)—is thus roughly equivalent to just 12 hours of HD/week.
From this it will be evident that home HD, advantaged as it is by self-determined schedules, including both the hours and frequency of treatment, offers an efficiency boost to small solute waste clearance…and herein lies one of the inherent “positives” for home HD.
But, why are some things so complicated? …it turns out that PD vs. HD is not actually quite as simple and clear-cut as that!
The peritoneal membrane is much more permeable than most artificial HD membranes. The peritoneum will allow the passage of much larger molecules than will most HD membranes—with the exception of some of the very expensive protein-losing HD membranes sometimes used for treatment of specific problems such as multiple myeloma. This PD permeability allows much larger toxins—ones that are difficult to remove in HD—to be more easily removed. So, that’s a win for PD. Middle molecules and some protein-bound toxins that remain trapped in the body in HD are able to escape during in PD.
One other important factor influences the peritoneal membrane: it has a limited longevity as a functioning, permeable, transit layer. Unlike the artificial membrane of a haemodialyser, the natural membrane of the peritoneum slowly thickens and alters with time. It is also affected by the sugar content of the peritoneal fluid, and accumulates “advanced glycation end-products” (AGEs)…thus, playing on words, the peritoneal membrane ages from the accumulation of AGE. The higher the sugar content of the peritoneal fluid, the more rapidly this ageing tends to occur, and any episodes of peritonitis also hasten membrane failure. In the end, the peritoneal membrane may reach a point where it will no longer efficiently transport solutes or ultrafilter salt and water. Though this ageing varies from population to population, the peritoneal membrane will commonly slowly fail over a 3-5 year time frame from the start of PD in about half of all PD patients, eventually necessitating a transfer to haemodialysis.
All that said, PD is a very good way to start dialysis. While patient preference is key, PD is easy to learn, easy to perform, and is also particularly effective when there is still some residual native kidney function to augment the PD process. In many countries, including in my own region of ANZ, a strong PD-First approach is taken by many services. But as residual kidney function fails over the 1st 24-36 months, and solute and water clearance comes more and more to rely on the efficiency of PD alone, PD often begins to fail to be “oomphy” enough—especially with ultrafiltration (water removal). Early recognition of this slow failure should permit a seamless transfer to HD at home.
Some patients have expressed the idea that transferring the other way—from home HD to home PD – is a potential option. I beg to differ. The maximal advantage of PD is seen early, while there the remnants of residual renal function are able to support and augment PD. Later, once native kidney function has been lost, so too are the advantages this brings to PD. PD is often not adequate, on its own. So, assuming that residual kidney function dwindles in the background during a period on HD, switching to PD offers no remaining advantage and would be a switch to a less efficient dialysis option, which is not a good idea.
So, PD first = absolutely. But, PD second, or later = not so smart.
A smarter approach is to offer either PD or home HD up front as a first home dialysis option, understanding that while home HD is more effective therapy, it is also more complex, requires more complex training and equipment and, at the same time, there are some significant benefits tucked into into the PD bag at this point.
If a patient chooses home HD as a first-up choice, then, in my view, that is great. Alternatively, if PD is chosen for the first option—especially APD—then that is great as well. But, while a switch from PD to home HD is an option we should be encouraging far more as and when ultrafiltration fails and/or the patient begins to struggle and fail to do well, the reverse (switching from HD to PD) is not a viable or commonly sensible choice. This latter choice will, in the main, simply lead to inadequate dialysis and…trouble…and should be strongly discouraged.
Comments
Roberto Berredo
Mar 11, 2019 8:59 AM
John Agar
Mar 12, 2019 3:09 AM
To be truthful, these are questions you (and all dialysis patients) should be thoroughly educated and taught about as you progress through the lower stages of CKD4 and into CKD5, so that by the time you enter dialysis - commonly at an eGFR from 7-10 but primarily determined by symptoms - all starting dialysis patients are fully aware of and have been able to fully understand the differences, the potential pitfalls, the expectations and the outcomes of all options: home CAPD vs. (my personal PD preference for) APD; and HD - whether centre-based or (my strong personal preference for) home HD; and if home HD, then whether frequent short hour or(my absolute preference for) frequent, long, slow, nocturnal home HD. Clearly in this educative mix must be the various transplant options ... transplantation is always the best option, if there are no contraindications ... and the option (especially valid and valuable to the elderly) of conservative, non-interventional care.
As for the questions re the effect of dextrose, I have already touched on this with my comments about AGE's in my blog (above); and I have also made some general references to technique survival - the expected membrane deterioration time - as well. Perhaps re-read the blog for this information.
As for effectiveness, you should be having regular PET tests from your PD team (Adequest) to assess both the efficiency of solute clearance and ultrafiltration (your transporter status) ... we do these each 6 months routinely but we also repeat them after any episode of peritonitis to assess for any lasting deterioration in membrane function.
These are ALL issues your team should deal with, as a routine. I can only suggest you discuss all these - and more - with your treating team.
The more you understand about your treatment, the more successful it is likely to be.
Dori
Jul 12, 2016 8:19 PM
Jan Chrzan
Jul 11, 2016 7:30 PM
John Agar
Jul 12, 2016 11:04 PM
'We' talk a lot about patient choice - and that is always going to remain at the top of the list - but it must be informed patient choice, and that information can be overwhelming.
No information session, no book, no one-on-one education session set ... nor, may I dare say it, no manner of Internet group information-sharing ... will or can deal with all the potential good and bad aspects of dialysis. Further, some physicians and nurses (i.e. dialysis professionals) are more experienced and savvy about dialysis than others.
I admit I lead, prod, and nudge patients into the type of dialysis I think might suit them best, mindful as I do of the lifestyle needs and wishes of each patient. I do that from, I guess, some what I believe to be some measure of experience with dialysis, and from my knowledge of its limitations.
Your son was clearly developing, very early on, signs and symptoms of dialysis neuropathy. This comes from under-dialysis. As I mentioned in this blog, PD is not as 'oomphy' (i.e. it is not as efficient) as HD. PD is often a poor choice for young, muscular and large framed men. It just doesn't 'clear' efficiently enough. To be honest, I think most dialysis physicians are (or should be) reasonably savvy at picking the 'wont-get-enough-dialysis-on-PD' group of patients ... and those patients should be told that, from the very start. Unashamedly, I do exactly that - and Dori will probably shake her head at me for saying so. But, yes, I nudge patient towards the dialysis platform I think might suit best - from a clinical aspect and for them.
Young, big guys commonly fail, and fail early, on PD. In these patients (and there are others, too), PD might not be a good choice, even from the start, despite its other attractions: home, simplicity, low technology, easy learning etc. Here, I would encourage long, slow, frequent, overnight home HD from the outset with an early-fashioned fistula at a CKD4 eGFR of 20, so that plenty of time is allowed for maturation, development, stablisation, and - if necessary - superficialisation surgery.
Now, I don't know if your boy was big or small, young or old, muscular or not, diabetic (a risk factor for early neuropathy) or not, or even what his BMI might have been ... but, my guess is that it wasn't that PD was detrimental for him ... it was just the wrong choice. It is not commonly the dialysis that is detrimental, it is the choice.
Dialysis modality must fit - as best as possible - the lifestyle aspirations and living needs of any individual ... true ... but it also needs to match and fit the likely volume and solute clearance requirements too. And here, clinical advice becomes paramount.
I am truly sorry for the pickle your son found himself in and for the neurological injury he seems he may have sustained. But, with optimum HD ... and in my book that means long hour and frequent HD either (preferably) at home - or, at the least, in an overnight 8 hr clinic, although that then limits him to 3 treatments a week and a long break) ... he still may recover more function with time, though I don't think I could say the same if he has only switched from failed and inadequate PD to time and frequency limited day-time clinic HD.
Dori
Jul 13, 2016 2:12 PM
Mike
Jul 11, 2016 12:09 PM